Reference
Neculai Andrei, Nonlinear Optimization Applications Using the GAMS Technology,Springer Optimization and Its Applications, Model Camshape (5.33) in chapter Applications of Mechanical Engineering , 2013
$onText
  Maximize the area of the valve opening for one rotation of a
  convex cam with constraints on the curvature and on the radius
  of the cam.

  This model is from the COPS benchmarking suite.
  See http://www-unix.mcs.anl.gov/~more/cops/.

  The number of discretization points can be specified using the command
  line parameter --n.
  COPS performance tests have been reported for n = 100, 200, 400, 800

  References:
  Dolan, E D, and More, J J, Benchmarking Optimization Software with COPS.
  Tech. rep., Mathematics and Computer Science Division, 2000.

  Anitescu, M, and Serban, R, A Sparse Superlinearly Convergent SQP
  with Applications to Two-Dimensional Shape Optimization.
  Tech. rep., Argonne National Laboratory, 1998.

  Neculai Andrei, "Models, Test Problems and Applications for
  Mathematical Programming". Technical Press, Bucharest, 2003.
  Application A8, page 352.
$offText

$if not set n $set n 1000

Set i discretization points /i1 * i%n%/;

Alias (i,j);

Scalar R_v     design parameter related to the valve shape /1/
       R_max   maximum allowed radius of the cam           /2/
       R_min   minimum allowed radius of the cam           /1/
       pi
       alpha   curvature limit parameter                   /1.5/
       d_theta angle between discretization points;

pi = 2*arctan(inf);
d_theta = 2*pi/(5*(%n%+1));

set first(i), last(i), middle(i);
first('i1')  = yes;
last('i%n%') = yes;
middle(i) = yes; middle(first) = no; middle(last) = no;

Variables  r(i)      radius of the cam at discretization points
           rdiff(i)  intermediate
           area      valve area;

* Bounds
r.lo(i) = R_min;
r.up(i) = R_max;

rdiff.lo(i(j+1)) = -alpha*d_theta;
rdiff.up(i(j+1)) =  alpha*d_theta;

r.lo('i1') = max(-alpha*d_theta + R_min, r.lo('i1'));
r.up('i1') = min( alpha*d_theta + R_min, r.up('i1'));

r.lo('i%n%') =  max(R_max - alpha*d_theta, r.lo('i%n%'));
r.up('i%n%') =  min(R_max + alpha*d_theta, r.up('i%n%'));

r.up('i1') = min( R_min/(2*cos(d_theta)-1), r.up('i1'));

* Initial values
r.l(i) = (R_min+R_max)/2;


Equations  obj             objective
           convexity(i)
           convex_edge1(i)
           convex_edge3(i)
           convex_edge4(i)
           eqrdiff(i);

obj.. area =e= ((pi*R_v)/%n%) * sum(i, r(i));

convexity(middle(i)).. -r(i-1)*r(i) - r(i)*r(i+1) +
                       2*r(i-1)*r(i+1)*cos(d_theta) =l= 0;

convex_edge1(first(i)).. -R_min*r(i) - r(i)*r(i+1) +
                       2*R_min*r(i+1)*cos(d_theta) =l= 0;

convex_edge3(last(i)).. -r(i-1)*r(i) - r(i)*R_max +
                       2*r(i-1)*R_max*cos(d_theta) =l= 0;

convex_edge4(last(i)).. -2*R_max*r(i) +
                       2*sqr(r(i))*cos(d_theta) =l= 0;

eqrdiff(j(i+1)).. rdiff(i) =e= r(i+1) - r(i);


model camshape /all/;

$ifThenI x%mode%==xbook
camshape.iterlim=50000;
camshape.workspace=200;
$endIf

solve camshape using nlp maximizing area;

$ifThenI x%mode%==xbook
file rez /camshape.dat/;
put rez
loop(i, put r.l(i):10:5, put/)
$endIf




*------------------------- Numerical Experiments ---------------------
*                            January 15, 2011
* Variant 1:
* 12001 constraints,  12000 variables
* CONOPT3: 85 iterations, 23.714 seconds
*          vfo=4.2725254070
* KNITRO:  51 iterations, 56 functions evaluations, 14 seconds
*          vfo=4.270589910
*
* Varinat 2:
* 16001 constraints, 16000 variables
* CONOPT3: 75 iterations, 32.607 seconds
*          vfo=4.2726091788
* KNITRO:  52 iterations, 57 functions evaluations, 25.21 seconds
*          vfo=4.2697038802
*
* Variant 3:
* 20001 constraints, 20000 variables
* CONOPT3: 46 iterations, 23.204 seconds
*          vfo=4.2726594376
* KNITRO:  54 iterations, 59 functions evaluations, 33.19 seconds
*          vfo=4.2688342488
*----------------------------------------------------------------------
* End Camshape