negishi.gms : Pure exchange model solved with EMP, SJM, and CGE

Description

We consider a pure exchange model in which a set of
agents (i.e. consumers) are each endowed with a fixed quantity of goods.
The agents can trade to maximize their utility.  The solution consists of
a consumption vector for each agent and a set of prices for each good
such that:
   each agent maximizes her utility at this consumption level
   s.t. the budget constraint imposed by her endowment and the prices

Utility is given by a Cobb-Douglas function of the form

      U(agent) = prod(good, C(good,agent)**alpha(good,agent))

This utility function implies that the income level is the Negishi weight.

This cannot be solved as a single NLP model (see reference below) but
there are a number of ways to solve this model:
  1. Via EMP and a complementarity model, finding the weights directly
  2. Via the SJM approach of Rutherford
  3. Via a CGE approach (using the implicit demand functions)

Negishi, T, Welfare Economics and the Existence of an Equilibrium for
a Competitive Economy.  Metroeconomics, Vol 12 (1960), 92-97.

Editor: Steve Dirkse, August 2009
        With contributions from Sherman Robinson and Michael Ferris

Small Model of Type : ECS

Category : GAMS EMP library

Main file : negishi.gms

$title Pure exchange model solved with EMP, SJM, and CGE (NEGISHI, SEQ=21)

$onText
We consider a pure exchange model in which a set of
agents (i.e. consumers) are each endowed with a fixed quantity of goods.
The agents can trade to maximize their utility.  The solution consists of
a consumption vector for each agent and a set of prices for each good
such that:
   each agent maximizes her utility at this consumption level
   s.t. the budget constraint imposed by her endowment and the prices

Utility is given by a Cobb-Douglas function of the form

      U(agent) = prod(good, C(good,agent)**alpha(good,agent))

This utility function implies that the income level is the Negishi weight.

This cannot be solved as a single NLP model (see reference below) but
there are a number of ways to solve this model:
  1. Via EMP and a complementarity model, finding the weights directly
  2. Via the SJM approach of Rutherford
  3. Via a CGE approach (using the implicit demand functions)

Negishi, T, Welfare Economics and the Existence of an Equilibrium for
a Competitive Economy.  Metroeconomics, Vol 12 (1960), 92-97.

Editor: Steve Dirkse, August 2009
        With contributions from Sherman Robinson and Michael Ferris
$offText

sets
  g goods                      / g1 * g3 /
  a utility-maximizing agents  / a1 * a3 /

table alpha(g,a) Cobb-Douglas elasticities sum to 1 for each agent

         a1      a2      a3
g1       .7      .4      .2
g2       .2      .3      .4
g3       .1      .3      .4

table endow(g,a) endowment

         a1      a2      a3
g1       10
g2                8
g3                        3

Parameters RepY(a,*)   income report
           RepP(g,*)   price report
           RepC(g,a,*) consumption report;
$macro rep(style) RepY(a,'style') = Y.l(a); RepP(g,'style') = P.l(g); RepC(g,a,'style') = C.l(g,a);


variables
  utility   utility function
  C(g,a)    consumption
  Y(a)      income

positive variables
  P(g)     prices

equations
  DefUtility    utility definition
  balance(g)     material balance: consumption <= endowment
  budget(a)      budget constraint;

defutility.. utility =E= sum{a, Y(a)*sum{g, alpha(g,a)*log(C(g,a))}};

balance(g).. sum{a, C(g,a)} =L= sum{a, endow(g,a)};

budget(a).. Y(a) =E= sum{g, endow(g,a)*P(g)};

C.lo(g,a) = 1e-6;
C.l (g,a) = 5;
model negishi / defutility, balance, budget /;

* fix a numeraire
y.l(a)     = 1;
y.fx('a1') = 1;

*******************************************************************************
*** 0. This cannot be solved as a single NLP model
******************************************************************************

solve negishi maximizing utility using nlp;
rep(WRONG)

*******************************************************************************
*** 1. Via EMP and a complementarity model, finding the weights directly
******************************************************************************

file myinfo / '%emp.info%' /;
put myinfo '* negishi model';
put      / 'dualVar P balance';
putclose / 'dualEqu budget Y';

solve negishi maximizing utility using emp;
rep(EMP)

*******************************************************************************
*** 2. Via the SJM approach of Rutherford
***
*** In the SJM (Sequential Joint Maximization) approach, we start with estimates
*** for the Negishi weights and iterate:
*** Repeat
***  1. Solve the NLP using the current weights
***  2. Update the weights based on the new prices,
***     i.e. the marginals from the NLP solve
***  3. compute the error, i.e. | old weights - updated weights |
*** until the error is small
***
*** As the weights converge, the agents will move toward balanced budgets, where
*** their incomes equal their expenditures.
*******************************************************************************

model negishiA / defutility, balance /;

set iters / iter1 * iter30 /;
parameters
  err sum of changes from previous iterate / 1 /
  m damping factor / 0.9 /
  oldy(a) previous values of Y;

y.fx(a) = 1;
loop{iters$[err > 1e-5],
  oldy(a) = y.l(a);
  solve negishiA using nlp maximizing utility;
  negishiA.solprint=2;
  y.fx(a) = (1-m)*y.l(a) + m*sum{g, endow(g,a)*balance.m(g)};
  err    = sum{a, abs(y.l(a) - oldy(a))}
};

y.fx(a) = y.l(a)/y.l('a1');

rep(SJM)

*******************************************************************************
***  3. Via a CGE approach (using the implicit demand functions)
*******************************************************************************

Equation
  negbalance(g) reorient balance equation to maintain convexity of MCP model,
  demand(g,a)   implicit demand function ;

negbalance(g)..  sum{a, endow(g,a)} =G= sum{a, C(g,a)} ;

demand(g,a).. p(g)*c(g,a) =E= alpha(g,a)*Y(a) ;

model CGE / negbalance.p, demand.c, budget.Y /  ;

Y.lo(a) = -inf; Y.up(a) = inf;
Y.fx("a1") = 1 ;

cge.iterlim = 0;
solve cge using mcp ;

rep(CGE);

*******************************************************************************
*** Now check for the same solutions
*******************************************************************************

display RepY,RepP,RepC;

Parameters
  DiffY(a)
  DiffP(g)
  DiffC(g,a);

DiffY(a) =
   abs(RepY(a,'CGE')-RepY(a,'SJM'))
 + abs(RepY(a,'CGE')-RepY(a,'EMP'));
abort$[smax{a, DiffY(a)} > 1e-4] 'Incomes differ';
DiffP(g) =
   abs(RepP(g,'CGE')-RepP(g,'SJM'))
 + abs(RepP(g,'CGE')-RepP(g,'EMP'));
abort$[smax{g, DiffP(g)} > 1e-4] 'Prices differ';
DiffC(g,a) =
   abs(RepC(g,a,'CGE')-RepC(g,a,'SJM'))
 + abs(RepC(g,a,'CGE')-RepC(g,a,'EMP'));
abort$[smax{(g,a), DiffC(g,a)} > 1e-4] 'Consumptions differ';